Magnetisation (magnetisation) - definition
Magnetisation (magnetisation) - definition
Magnetisation is a vector physical quantity describing the degree of magnetisation of a material, i.e. the number of magnetic moments per unit volume. Denoted M, it is expressed in amperes per metre (A/m) and reflects the ordering of microscopic magnetic dipoles in a material under the influence of an external magnetic field or due to its own magnetic properties.
The process of magnetisation involves the gradual alignment of the internal magnetic moments of atoms, molecules or domains along the direction of the applied field. In ferromagnetic materials, where there are strong exchange interactions, this effect is particularly pronounced and leads to permanent magnetisation, even after the external field is removed. In paramagnetic materials the magnetisation is much weaker and disappears after the field disappears, while in diamagnetic materials it appears in the opposite direction to the field and is very small.
In the context of Maxwell's equations, magnetisation is a component of the total magnetic field in a medium and affects its magnetic permeability. Variations in the M vector in time and space are the basis for describing the phenomena of hysteresis magnetic, saturation, remanence and coercivity, which define the magnetic properties of materials and their behaviour in various technical applications.
Magnetisation plays a key role in the design of electromagnetic devices such as transformers, motors, magnetic memories or field sensors. In materials research, the measurement of magnetisation enables the classification of substances and the analysis of domain structure and dynamics. Measurement techniques such as SQUID magnetometry or M-H curve analysis allow the precise determination of the magnetic characteristics of a substance as a function of temperature, external field and time.
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