Distortion - definition

Deformation is the general term for a change in the original shape, characteristics or parameters of a signal, of a physical function or system, caused by internal or external factors. In the context of electronics and signal engineering, it refers to the difference between the input signal and the output signal after passing through a processing device or system, where these changes are not an intended function of the system operation. Distortion may relate to both the time waveform, as well as the frequency spectrum of a signal.

Others distinguish between different forms of distortion depending on the source and characteristics of the changes. Non-linear distortion results from the non-linear characteristics of the systems, in which the output amplitude is not proportional to the input amplitude, leading to additional harmonics. Linear distortion, on the other hand, refers to changes in phase or amplitude, such as time shifts, attenuation or amplification of specific frequencies, without generating new harmonics.

W acoustics in acoustics and sound processing, distortion means unwanted changes in the structure of an audio signal, affecting the quality and naturalness of reception. In data transmission systems, distortion can lead to transmission errors and loss of information. In the field of electrical power engineering, it refers to the deformation of a voltage or current waveform from a perfect sine wave, which affects the efficiency of equipment and the quality of supplied power.

The phenomenon of distortion can be the result of design limitations, non-linear phenomena, overloads, improper selection of components or external interference. Its assessment and limitation is a key element in the design and diagnostics of electronic systems, acoustic and automation, as well as one of the main quality criteria in applications requiring precise signal mapping.

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