Biosensor - definition
Biosensor - definition
Biosensor is an integrated analytical device that utilizes specific biological properties to selectively, sensitively, and reproducibly detect and measure selected analytes. It consists of three main components: a recognition element (e.g., enzyme, antibody, cell receptor, nucleic acid), a signal transducer, and a readout and interpretation system. The biological part of the biosensor is responsible for specific interaction with the target substance, while the transducer (electrochemical, optical, piezoelectric, thermal, or other) converts this event into a measurable physical signal.
Thanks to the ability of precise molecular recognition, biosensors play a key role in medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, food quality control, biotechnology, and the pharmaceutical industry. An example of a commonly used biosensor is a glucometer, where the enzyme glucose oxidase catalyzes a chemical reaction detected by the electrochemical transducer, enabling the measurement of glucose concentration in the blood.
Modern biosensors can be designed using nanomaterials, microfluidic technologies, and bioengineering methods, allowing for miniaturization, increased sensitivity, and integration with electronic and digital systems. Development trends focus on creating multiparametric biosensors capable of continuous in situ monitoring of biological parameters, including wearable applications, personalized medicine, and synthetic biology.
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