Supertone - definition
Supertone - definition
Sound is an unwanted interference signal occurring in audio paths and electronic equipment, whose frequency usually corresponds to the frequency of the mains (50 Hz or 60 Hz) and its harmonics. It arises as a result of the induction of interference voltages by electromagnetic fields generated by Power Cables or transformers, as well as by inadequate ground separation, shielding or earthing of the system.
This phenomenon is particularly important in audio processing systems, as it can significantly degrade the quality of the audio signal, causing an audible buzz or hum in the speakers. The hum can be present at the input level, in the amplification path or in the signal source itself, and its presence usually indicates problems with electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), ground loop design, insufficient filtering or inadequate galvanic separation.
From a technical point of view, the hum manifests itself as a low-frequency sinusoidal or complex signal that is added to the useful signal. It can originate either from direct capacitive or inductive coupling or from signal cables running in parallel to the power lines. In analogue systems, where voltage levels are low, hum can be the dominant source of interference, especially at high gain.
Minimising hum requires the use of appropriate design techniques, such as routing ground paths in printed circuits with a star topology, the use of isolation transformers, shielded signal cables and low-pass filters or signal symmetisers. In professional and measurement systems, control of the level of hum is essential to maintain signal integrity and correct operation of equipment.
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