Seismograph - definition
Seismograph - definition
The seismograph is a specialised measuring device for the detection, recording and analysis of seismic waves generated by natural or artificial vibrations of the earth's crust. It works on the principle of measuring the relative displacement of an inert mass with respect to the Enclosures of the device, which makes it possible to map the mechanical characteristics of the propagating waves. The structural foundation of a classical seismograph is an oscillating mechanical system with a mass suspended on an elastic element, whose inertia allows ground motions to be mapped as a function of time. Modern seismographs use electromechanical, optoelectronic or MEMS solutions, enabling high sensitivity and resolution over a wide frequency range.
Seismic signals are recorded in the form of seismograms, which allow the identification of parameters such as amplitude, frequency, P- and S-wave arrival time and vibration energy. Interpretation of these data makes it possible to locate the epicentre, determine the depth of the focus and estimate the magnitude of the earthquake. Seismographs can operate in one-dimensional systems (recording one component of motion) or triaxial systems, analysing the full vector structure of vibrations. Their applications range from monitoring tectonic activity to assessing the stability of engineering structures or analysing anthropogenic vibrations in urbanised environments.
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