Proximity phenomenon (epidermality) - definition
Proximity phenomenon (epidermality) - definition
The phenomenon of approximation, also known as skin effect (proximity effect. proximity effect), is an electromagnetic phenomenon observed in conductors conducting alternating current (AC), especially when they are in close proximity to each other. It consists of an uneven distribution of current density in the cross-section of adjacent conductors, caused by the interaction of alternating magnetic fields generated by the flowing currents. As a result, the current is concentrated in those parts of a conductor, which are furthest away from neighbouring conductors, leading to an increase in effective electrical resistance and energy loss.
This phenomenon occurs in conductors operating in alternating fields, especially in transformers, power Cords or Multicore Cables, where neighbouring conductors induce mutual eddy currents. In combination with the classical skin effect (i.e. current displacement onto the conductor surface under the influence of its own magnetic field), the proximity effect can significantly influence circuit performance, especially at high frequencies.
The distribution of current in conductors under the influence of the proximity effect depends on a number of factors, such as frequency signal, the shape of the conductors, their distance, as well as material properties. This results in increased thermal losses and reduced equipment efficiency, which requires this effect to be taken into account in the design of high-frequency components and in the analysis of current distribution in multiconductor paths.
In electromagnetic engineering, the proximity phenomenon is modelled using advanced Maxwell's equations and simulation techniques, to assess the influence of geometry and operating conditions on current distribution. Appropriate cable design, the use of braids or special winding arrangements can minimise the adverse effects of this phenomenon, improving the energy and thermal performance of systems.
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