Refraction - definition

Refraction is a physical phenomenon involving a change in the direction of propagation of a wave, usually a light or electromagnetic wave, when passing between media with different refractive indices. It is the result of a change in the speed of the wave as it crosses the boundary between two media, causing the path of the wave to curve according to Snellius' law. This phenomenon occurs not only for light, but also for sound, seismic, radio and microwave waves.

In the context of optics, refraction explains phenomena such as the refraction of light in lenses, image distortion in water or the action of prisms. In radiotechnics and meteorology, it refers to the curvature of the path of radio waves in the atmosphere, where variations in temperature, pressure and humidity affect the local propagation speed of electromagnetic waves. This can result in an extension of the range of radio waves, so-called tropospheric conduction phenomena or interference with signal reception.

Atmospheric refraction is also important in astronomy, where it causes an apparent shift in the position of celestial bodies, especially when observing close to the horizon. In geodesy and navigation systems, taking refraction into account is essential for obtaining accurate measurements and correcting errors related to the propagation of signals through the atmosphere.

In technical analysis, refraction is described using mathematical wave models, including differential equations and numerical techniques to predict the wave path in complex environments. The design of optical, antenna and communication systems requires consideration of refraction effects to ensure accuracy of operation and minimise signal loss.

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