Spectroscopic spectrum - definition

A spectroscopic spectrum is a graphical or numerical representation of the intensity distribution of electromagnetic radiation as a function of frequency, wavelength or energy of photons, recorded during the interaction of radiation with matter. It is an essential tool in spectroscopy - the branch of science concerned with analysing the properties of substances on the basis of their interactions with different types of radiation, most commonly light.

The formation of a spectroscopic spectrum is related to discrete energy transitions occurring at the atomic or molecular level. When atoms, ions or molecules absorb or emit radiation, there are changes in their energy states. Each type of substance has a unique set of energy levels, so the spectrum acts as a 'fingerprint' to identify the chemical composition and structure of the object under study.

Spectra can be continuous, linear or banded. Continuous spectra arise, e.g. from radiation of solids at high temperature, linear spectra occur in dilute gases, while band spectra are typical of molecules with complex vibrational-rotational transitions. Others distinguish different types of spectra, depending on the technique used and the wavelength range, including UV, VIS, IR, microwave, X-ray or radio spectrum.

Analysis of the spectroscopic spectrum makes it possible to determine parameters such as elemental composition, electron structure, substance concentration, and the dynamics of physicochemical processes. In engineering, life sciences and medicine, spectra are used in emission, absorption, Raman, NMR or mass spectroscopy, among others. In precision engineering, their interpretation requires high resolution, calibration of the apparatus and knowledge of models for the interaction of light with matter.

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