Sonar - definition
Sonar - definition
Sonar (sound navigation and ranging) is a technology based on the phenomenon of propagation of acoustic waves in the aquatic environment, used for the detection, location and identification of objects, as well as for measuring distance, depth and bottom profile. It works by emitting pulses of sound with well-defined frequency and time parameters, which, after reflecting off obstacles or underwater structures, return to the detector in the form of acoustic echoes. The delay time between transmitting and receiving the signal, combined with the known speed of sound in the water, allows the distance to the target to be calculated accurately.
Sonars are divided into active sonars, which generate their own sound signal, and passive sonars, which operate solely on the principle of listening for waves emitted by external sources such as vessels or biological objects. Sonar technology is used in hydrography, oceanography, military, marine navigation and underwater environmental studies. The high directionality of piezoelectric transducers, advanced algorithms signal processing and integration with GIS systems enable detailed bathymetric mapping, detection of sea mines or biological observations of benthic fauna. Multibeam and side-scan sonars are commonly used in professional survey vessels and autonomous underwater vehicles.
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