Remote sensing - definition
Remote sensing - definition
Remote sensing is a field of technology and science dealing with the acquisition of information about objects, phenomena or surfaces without direct physical contact with the area under study, using electromagnetic waves. The process involves recording the radiation reflected, emitted or scattered by a target object using sensors placed on remote platforms - such as satellites, drones, aircraft or ground-based devices - and then analysing the resulting data to identify and classify the observed features.
In practice, remote sensing covers a wide spectral range - from visible radiation, infrared, to microwaves and radio waves. Others ranges allow the observation of physical and chemical properties of surfaces, such as temperature, humidity, structure, material composition, vegetation or contamination. Sensor calibration and signal processing for geometric, atmospheric and radiometric correction is an important element, allowing reliable measurement data to be obtained.
Remote sensing is divided into passive and active - in the first case, the sensor records natural radiation (e.g. sunlight), while in the second it uses its own emission source, e.g. radar or lidar, which generates a signal and analyses its reflection from the surface. The technique has a wide range of applications in environmental monitoring, precision agriculture, geology, hydrology, land use planning, military, meteorology, and emergency management, e.g. in assessing the effects of natural disasters.
The interpretation of remote sensing data requires advanced computational tools, classification algorithms, image segmentation methods and spatial information systems (GIS). Modern remote sensing uses artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies to automatically analyse images and detect changes over time, which significantly increases its efficiency and range of applications.
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