SQL (Structured Query Language) - definition

SQL (Structured Query Language) is a programming language for defining, modifying and processing data in relational databases. It was developed in the 1970s by IBM and has since become the industry standard for managing structured information. Its syntax allows both the creation of data structures and the performance of operations such as searching, inserting, updating or deleting records in tables.

The SQL language operates on sets of data organised as tables, which are related to each other by relationships. Unlike procedural languages, SQL is declarative - the user specifies what they want to achieve, without defining in detail how the system is to achieve it. The database management system (DBMS) is responsible for optimising and executing queries according to relational logic.

The functionality of SQL includes several groups of commands: for data manipulation (DML), data definition (DDL), access control (DCL) and transaction management (TCL). This makes it possible not only to read data at runtime, but also to design and develop entire information structures, to handle data integrity and to define complex queries using logical conditions, sorting, grouping or joins between tables.

SQL is a universal language, but different database systems, such as MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle Database or Microsoft SQL Server, can implement its extensions and additional functions. Its knowledge is essential in fields such as data analysis, software engineering, IT systems administration or web application development.

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