Basic state - definition

Ground state is a concept in quantum mechanics and quantum chemistry, denoting the lowest possible energy state that a physical system such as an atom, molecule or atomic nucleus can be in. For a single electron it is related to its location in the lowest energy orbital, a state in which it has no excess energy to enable excitation. A system in the ground state cannot spontaneously move to a lower energy level, which implies its thermodynamic stability at equilibrium.

In the context of atoms and molecules, the electron configuration corresponding to the ground state is the starting point for the analysis of spectroscopic processes, chemical reactions and relaxation phenomena. In the Schrödinger model, the ground state corresponds to the solution of the eigenequation for the lowest eigenvalue of the Hamiltonian operator. In many-body systems, such as fermions in a potential field, the Pauli principle applies, which determines how the energy levels are occupied, which affects the electron structure and chemical properties of the material.

For macroscopic systems, e.g. in solid state physics, the ground state provides a reference point for the analysis of phenomena such as superconductivity, magnetism quantum or band structure. In quantum chemistry, this state defines the minimum potential energy of a molecule, corresponding to its most stable configurational geometry.

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